Termonology explained

Glossary

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This term has the maximum obligation and risk for the buyer and minimum for the seller.

The seller prepares the goods at the place where the goods will be loaded and then from that point, the buyer bears all of the costs and responsibilities of bringing the goods to the final destination. Seller is not obligated for loading or customs clearance.

The buyer loads the goods, handles customs clearance, transports them to desired country, and handles customs clearance in that country aswell and transports them to the unloading place. The customs, transportation, shipment, loading, unloading duties and their expenses in both countries belong to the buyer.

For sellers, FCA is the least risky form of transportation after Ex Works.

The seller delivers the goods to the bearer or another person assigned by the buyer at the specified delivery place. The seller is responsible for delivery to the stated port and export clearance of goods and seller’s responsibility ends there. Risk transfers to the buyer once the goods are delivered to the named port. The buyer bears the costs and risks from loading on board to unloading, including insurance from that point.

In CPT, seller clears the goods for export and delivers them to the bearer or the person assigned by the seller at the specified place of shipment. Seller is responsible for the transportation costs, export clearance process and costs and freight costs about delivering the goods to the place of destination.

Then at that point, the risk and obligations about the goods transfers to the buyer. However, seller is not responsible for procuring insurance, if the buyer needs the seller to make an insurance, the CIP term should be considered instead.

Whereas seller has the same responsibilities as CPT, in addition, the seller is required to cover an insurance to against the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation.

In Incoterms 2021 rules, the seller is now responsible for purchasing a higher level of insurance coverage that at least 110% of the value of the goods as detailed in Clause A of the Institute Cargo Clauses. Where the Incoterms 2021’s the minimum ratio was the Institute Cargo Clauses C.

The buyer should keep in mind that, under CIP rules, the seller is only needed to make the insurance on the minimum level. Also, the policy should be in the same currency as the contract.

Seller clears the goods for export and takes all risks and costs about delivering the goods to the stated point of destination but not responsible of unloading.

From now on, the risk passes from seller to buyer. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks about unloading the goods. Further, once the goods are arrived to the country of destination, the importing customs clearance needs to be completed by the buyer, including all customs duties and taxes.

DAP replaces the previous Incoterms DAF(Delivered at Frontier), DES (Delivered Ex Ship), and DDU (Delivered Duty Unpayed).

This is the only term that obligates the seller with unloading the goods. Same as DAP, seller clears the goods for export and has all risks and costs about delivering the goods to the stated point of destination and additionally bears unloading the goods at the place.

After unloading, from this point forward, the buyer is responsible with all costs and risks including custom clearance at the country of destination.

DPU replaces the former Incoterm DAT (Delivered At Terminal).

DDP term further from DPU, means the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the final destination in the buyer’s country, and pays all costs including import duties and taxes. The seller is only not responsible for unloading the goods at the final destination.

This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and minimum obligations on the buyer. No risk or responsibility is transferred to the buyer until delivery of the goods at the named place of destination. Therefore, DDP is a risky term for the seller, both in terms of the import clearance procedures or delays and unexpected costs.

The seller brings the goods to the stated port of shipment, clears the goods and delivers them alongside the buyer’s vessel inside the port and seller’s responsibility ends there.

From that moment, the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss or damage to the goods and responsibility of custom clearance.

The seller delivers the goods on board the vessel stated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes to the buyer when the goods are on board the vessel, and from that moment buyer also takes on responsibility for all costs of the shipment.

Thus, in FOB contract, seller is required to deliver goods on board a vessel that selected by the buyer at the particular port and also obligated to arrange the export clearance of goods.

The seller delivers the goods on board to the stated vessel and bears the cost of freight to the named port of destination. Even though the seller is responsible from the costs till the shipment to the port of destination, the risk transfers to the buyer when the goods are loaded on the vessel.

Shipment and customs clearance in the import country is on the responsibility of the buyer. The seller is not responsible for insurance or delivery to the final destination from the port. If the buyer requires the seller to cover an insurance, the term CIF should be considered.

This term has the similar obligations of the CFR term, with the exception that the seller is required to cover an insurance for the goods against the risk of loss or damage during the transit. The seller is required to purchase the minimum level of insurance (%110) of the goods. The policy should be in the same currency as the contract.

The seller must also deliver the required documents, including the insurance policy, the invoice, and the lading bill. The seller’s responsibility ends there as the documents are delivered to the buyer.

3PL in logistics and supply chain management is an organisation’s use of third parties to whom they outsource elements of its distribution, warehousing etc. Celocs is primarily considered a third-party logistics provider.

Fourth-party logistics, also referred to as lead logistics. 4PL providers assume many of the same roles as 3PL providers but have a much broader role within the supply chain. While we are primarily considered a 3PL provider, we also offer lead logistics/4PL.

A company or organisation involved in the international movement of goods and that has been approved by a national Customs administration

A bill of lading is a detailed list of a ship’s cargo.

A type of warehousing in which companies place goods in storage without paying taxes or tariffs until the goods are ready for onward distribution.

A cold chain is a refrigerated temperature-controlled supply chain most commonly used for pharmaceutical products or foodstuffs. An unbroken cold chain is an uninterrupted series of refrigerated production, storage and distribution facilities which maintain a stipulated low-temperature range.

Compliance means that products, services, processes and/or documents meet relevant requirements.

Dangerous goods are substances or articles that pose a risk to people, property or the environment, due to their chemical or physical properties. Dangerous goods are often confused with hazardous cargo, which relates to a slightly different risk. See hazardous cargo.

Full truckload. When you want your shipment to occupy a truck exclusively. This can be because your shipment would fill a whole truck, or because you want to pay for a whole truck even though your shipment would not fill it completely. This may be the case if you want faster collection and delivery, but it is probably more expensive than booking LTL – less than truckload.

Less than truckload. When your shipment does not need a whole truck, you book “LTL” and your goods are shipped with other customers’ goods. This is a lower-cost solution than booking a whole truck.

This abbreviation is used in two different contexts:
Good distribution practice = guidelines for the proper distribution of medicinal products for human use.
Gross domestic product = a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period in a country or region.

Haulier is used primarily in the UK, but elsewhere ‘trucking company’ is used more often.

Hazardous substances are classified only on health effects, whether immediate or long term, while dangerous goods relate to physical or chemical effects, including fire, explosion, corrosion and poisoning, whether affecting property, the environment or people.

They are standard sets of global trading terms and conditions, issued by the International Chamber of Commerce, designed to help traders, lawyers, transporters and insurers when goods are bought, sold and transported. Essentially, the 11 Incoterms rules set out obligations for trading partners (for example, who is responsible for transport, import and export clearance etc.) and, importantly, the point in the journey where risk transfers from the seller to the buyer.

Lead logistics providers, also referred to as 4PL providers, assume many of the same roles as 3PL providers but have a much broader role within the supply chain.
Celocs is primarily considered a 3PL provider but also provides lead logistics.

1 linear metre of loading space in a truck or trailer for calculating freight cost. Used when goods cannot be stacked. One europallet is 0.4 load metres.

A standard operating procedure is a set of instructions to help an organisation’s employees carry out complex routine operations in an efficient and uniform way, in accordance with industry regulations, and to reduce miscommunication.

Twenty-foot equivalent unit. Standard unit for describing a ship’s cargo carrying capacity, or a shipping terminal’s cargo handling capacity.
A standard forty-foot (40x8x8 feet) container equals two TEUs (each 20x8x8 feet).

A transport management system is a supply chain management subset which helps optimise the effectiveness and efficiency of transportation fleets.

Track and trace is the process of identifying past and current locations of inventory items in the supply chain.

A warehouse management system is a software application which supports and enhances warehouse functionality and distribution centre management.

Less than Container Load,  LCL, or groupage, as it is otherwise known, refers to shipments that take up only a portion of the entire container

Full Container Load,  refers to shipments that take up an entire container